Abstract
In Malaysia, the second largest producer of palm oil globally, about a third of all oil palm planted area
is managed by smallholder farmers. An increase of the average yields of these smallholders is needed
to meet the rising demand for vegetable oil and prevent further loss of tropical rainforest. One
strategy to increase yields is to enable timely replanting of aged oil palm fields.
A method to enable replanting as practised by smallholder farmers on peat soil on Johor is

Abstract
To identify how the different domains of environmental governance, arranged within (sustainable)
policy arrangements and networks, impact oil palm smallholders in their farm (management)
practices, qualitative field research has been carried out in the Siak oil palm smallholders site in Riau,
Sumatra, Indonesia. The objective of this study is to critically analyse the relevant playing fields and
dynamics concerning the Siak smallholders in an era of political modernisation. By analysing how the

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