Implementation of FPIC: Does This Reduce Conflict?

Abstract
We reviewed the evidence of the effect of the implementation of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) on social conflict and equity in the context of oil palm plantation development. We found there is a lack of independent empirical studies investigating FPIC processes and the use of RSPO principles, criteria and guidelines in oil palm plantation expansions, and their effect on the occurrence of conflict and social equity. Conflicts between oil palm companies who are RSPO members or subsidiaries of RSPO members and local communities persist, despite RSPO regulations prescribing FPIC. Non-compliance with FPIC-related principles, criteria and guidelines seems one of the major causes of these conflicts. While implementation of FPIC increases interaction between communities and oil palm companies, there is no conclusive evidence that implementation of FPIC reduces conflict and enhances social equity. We indicate characteristics of private voluntary regulations that hamper the effectiveness of FPIC, and explain how contextual factors in oil palm producing countries limit what can be expected of FPIC as a tool to reduce social conflict and enhance more equitable outcomes.